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“It will take all of us working together – government officials, and diplomats, academic experts, and scientists, activists, and organizers – to come up with new and innovative approaches to strengthen transparency and predictability, reduce risk, and forge the next generation of arms control agreements.”
– Wendy Sherman
U.S. Deputy Secretary of State
June 2, 2022
July/August 2008
Edition Date: 
Wednesday, July 2, 2008
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Air Force Leaders Fired Over Nuke Handling

Stephen Bunnell

Secretary of Defense Robert Gates fired Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. T. Michael Moseley and Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne on June 5 after a report by Navy Adm. Kirkland Donald highlighted significant oversights in the Air Force’s nuclear security practices.

The ousting of Moseley and Wynne followed several incidents in the past year that have heightened concerns over the Air Force’s ability to properly maintain and secure its arsenal of land-based ICBMs and nuclear-armed bombers.

Last August, a B-52 bomber flew from Minot Air Force Base in North Dakota to Barskdale Air Force Base in Louisiana wrongly and unknowingly armed with nuclear cruise missiles. (See ACT, October 2007.) In March of this year, it was reported that the Air Force had accidentally shipped four nosecone fuses for nuclear missiles to Taiwan in 2006, drawing complaints from China. (See ACT, May 2008.)

Gates’ action came after another such incident in late May when the 5th Bomb Wing, which is stationed at Minot, received a grade of “unsatisfactory” in nuclear security during a weeklong, highly anticipated inspection by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).

According to Air Force Times, the DTRA report, which is not publicly available, catalogs a number of startling failures in the security process. In one case, an airman was caught on tape playing video games on a cell phone. In another incident, inspectors managed to “kill” three security forces members who had failed to clear a building upon entering it. “Security forces’ level of knowledge, understanding of assigned duties, and response to unusual situations reflected a lack of adequate supervision,” said the DTRA team chief.

Gates acknowledged that this chain of events may represent a deeper problem within the Air Force in general and the nuclear forces for which it is responsible in particular. In a June 5 press conference, he characterized the Minot cruise missile incident and the Taiwan nosecone fuses incident as sharing a “common origin” and said both are symptomatic of “a degradation of the authority, standards of excellence, and technical competence within the nation’s ICBM force.” Citing a “lack of a critical self-assessment culture in the Air Force nuclear program,” Gates appointed a task force headed by former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger to review nuclear security and stewardship. The task force will offer two rounds of recommendations, one in 60 days, the other in 90 days.

Similarly, a February 2008 Defense Science Board task force reported a widespread perception throughout the Air Force that “the nuclear forces and the nuclear deterrent mission are increasingly devalued.” The task force report catalogs a noticeable decline in attention paid to the nuclear mission by senior-level commanders by citing older Department of Defense reports. For example, a Joint Advisory Committee report from 1995 warns, “There is reason for concern about the long-term quality and quantity of nuclear weapons expertise within the [Defense Department] as the size of the [Defense Department] nuclear community shrinks and the interest level declines.”

Despite Gates’ actions, other reports pointed to ongoing problems. On June 19, a partially declassified internal “blue ribbon” investigation, triggered by the earlier Minot incident, revealed that “most sites” for the deployment of nuclear weapons in Europe have failed to meet U.S. security requirements.

In addition to the erroneous shipment of fuses to Taiwan, a June 19 article in the Financial Times reports that hundreds of missile components have apparently gone missing from U.S. stockpiles. According to the article, anonymous government officials have claimed that the number of components unaccounted for is “more than 1,000.”

This has prompted renewed criticism of the Bush administration from lawmakers who had supported Gates’ firings of Moseley and Wynne. In a June 20 letter to Gates, Sens. Bob Casey (D-Pa.) and John Kerry (D-Mass.), both members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, demanded an explanation for how 1,000 sensitive nuclear missile components could have simply vanished from U.S. stockpiles. “While George Bush and John McCain were preoccupied with the misguided war in Iraq, they lost sight of the real danger—terrorists getting their hands on the world’s most dangerous weapons,” said Kerry in a press release.

 

Secretary of Defense Robert Gates fired Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. T. Michael Moseley and Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne on June 5 after a report by Navy Adm. Kirkland Donald highlighted significant oversights in the Air Force’s nuclear security practices. (Continue)

Corrections

  • On page 34 of Arms Control Today’s June 2008 issue, the news article “Bush Sends Russia Nuclear Energy Pact to Hill” identified the chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee as Rep. Harold Berman, it should read “Rep. Howard Berman.”


  • On page 32 of Arms Control Today’s March 2006 issue, the news article “Questions Surround Iran’s Nuclear Program” includes a line reading “The former State Department official said that a re-entry vehicle built according to the design that Libya obtained from the Khan network would be too small to hold a nuclear weapon.” That line should read “The former State Department official said that a nuclear warhead built according to a design that Libya obtained from the Khan network would be too large to fit in the re-entry vehicle that Iran may have designed.”

July/August 2008 ACT Print Advertisers

Swiss Destroy Key A.Q. Khan Evidence

Peter Crail

Swiss President Pascal Couchepin announced May 23 that his government destroyed files associated with a case against Swiss nationals suspected of involvement in the illicit nuclear trafficking network run by Pakistani nuclear official Abdul Qadeer Khan. The destruction of the documents, collected by Swiss authorities in 2004 as evidence against Urs Tinner as well as his brother Marco and their father Friedrich, might harm the criminal prosecution of their suspected activities. The documents included digital copies of a design for an advanced nuclear weapon believed to be of Pakistani origin. This design may have been shared with other members of the Khan network or with Khan’s suspected customers, such as Iran and North Korea.

Swiss authorities allege that the Tinners were involved in the establishment and operation of a machining facility in Malaysia that produced centrifuge components for a planned secret Libyan uranium-enrichment facility.

Libya intended to use the facility to produce highly enriched uranium for nuclear weapons but publicly abandoned this goal in December 2003. In October 2003, Western intelligence agencies intercepted a shipment of centrifuge components bound for Libya and said to be manufactured by the Malaysian machining facility. (See ACT, July/August 2004. )

In addition to Libya, the Khan network allegedly provided nuclear assistance to Iran and North Korea.

According to Couchepin, the Swiss cabinet decided Nov. 14, 2007, to destroy the documents, including paper and digital files, for security purposes to prevent them from falling “into the hands of a terrorist organization.” He indicated that the documents included nuclear weapons designs, blueprints for gas centrifuges for enriching uranium, and plans for “guided missile delivery systems.” The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) oversaw the destruction of the files at Bern’s request.

A diplomatic source familiar with the investigation questioned the rationale provided by the Swiss government for destroying the files, telling Arms Control Today June 19, “If the Swiss can safeguard billions in hundreds of thousands of numbered accounts, they can guard a few CDs.” The diplomat suspected that the destruction of the documents was intended to “erase evidence of Tinner collusion” with Western intelligence agencies.

Indeed, in August 2007 the Swiss government blocked an investigation into potential espionage collaboration between the Tinners and a foreign government. Couchepin stated May 23 that Bern canceled an investigation against the Tinners for “illegal actions for a foreign country” and “illegal intelligence work against a foreign country.” This statement appears to confirm suspicions that the Tinners assisted the CIA in its work to prevent Libya from fully developing its uranium-enrichment program.

As a result of such suspicions, some Swiss lawmakers have requested an investigation into the destruction of the files. The Swiss Green party, one of the largest opposition parties represented in the Swiss National Council, has called for the creation of a parliamentary committee to carry out such an investigation.

The impact of the destruction of the documents related to the Tinner case is unclear. A Swiss federal criminal court denied bail to Urs and Marco Tinner May 30 while the investigation continued due to a potential flight risk. Swiss authorities released Friedrich Tinner in 2006.

Meanwhile, Khan, who remains under house arrest in Pakistan, is seeking to benefit from the destruction of the documents.

Kyodo News quoted Khan May 28 as stating that the documents the Swiss destroyed would have gone “a long way” to proving that he is innocent of claims that he sold nuclear technology to countries such as Iran, Libya, and North Korea. Khan claimed that Western suppliers were actually behind the proliferation.

Khan confessed to engaging in such illicit activities in 2004 but now claims that his confession was coerced by the Pakistani government. The Guardian quoted Khan May 30 as stating that his 2004 confession “was not of [his] own free will.”

Pakistan continues to refuse the IAEA access to Khan. The agency has carried out investigations into the Khan network following Libya’s admission of nuclear inspectors in 2003.

Advanced Warhead Design Among Documents

A June 16 report by the Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) alleged that the documents the Swiss destroyed included designs for a Pakistani nuclear weapon. The design was in electronic form and was reportedly also found on computers associated with the Khan network in Bangkok and “several other cities around the world.”

The design is not the first that was said to be discovered during investigations into the Khan networks operations. In 2003 the IAEA discovered a 1960s-pedigree, Chinese-origin nuclear weapons design in Libya after that country agreed to give up its nuclear program and submit to international inspections.

The new design, however, is reportedly more advanced, using a more powerful but more compact design. Such a design would be valuable to a state seeking the capability to deliver a nuclear weapon via ballistic missile and might considerably shorten the time to develop such a warhead.

Although countries such as Iran and North Korea, which may be seeking just such a capability, received assistance from the Khan network, it is uncertain whether they received the advanced weapons design.

Responding to questions about the design, national security adviser Stephen Hadley stated June 15 that, in regard to the Khan network, Washington was concerned with the possibility that the network shared both enrichment- and weapons-related technology with its clients. He added that such concern was one of the reasons the United States “rolled up the network” several years ago.

Islamabad denied claims that the Tinners had access to Pakistani nuclear weapons designs. The Pakistani Foreign Ministry issued a press release June 20 stating “no foreigner has any access to Pakistan’s nuclear designs.” It added that it already shared “all relevant information” regarding the Khan case with the IAEA.

David Albright, former UN weapons inspector and president of ISIS, warned that Khan may be released before these proliferation concerns are resolved. Albright told CNN June 16 that it is “imperative” that the United States and the IAEA interview Khan.

Swiss President Pascal Couchepin announced May 23 that his government destroyed files associated with a case against Swiss nationals suspected of involvement in the illicit nuclear trafficking network run by Pakistani nuclear official Abdul Qadeer Khan. The destruction of the documents, collected by Swiss authorities in 2004 as evidence against Urs Tinner as well as his brother Marco and their father Friedrich, might harm the criminal prosecution of their suspected activities. The documents included digital copies of a design for an advanced nuclear weapon believed to be of Pakistani origin. This design may have been shared with other members of the Khan network or with Khan’s suspected customers, such as Iran and North Korea. (Continue)

IAEA South Korean Concerns Resolved

Kyle Fishman

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) said June 3 that its concerns about the peaceful nature of South Korea’s nuclear program had been resolved after concluding an investigation that began four years ago. The announcement came as South Korea is looking to increase nuclear power production and as U.S. and South Korean negotiators are set to discuss a new nuclear cooperation agreement under which Seoul would like U.S. support for proceeding with proliferation-sensitive technology.

The IAEA’s Safeguards Summary for 2007, released at the agency’s June Board of Governors meeting, declared South Korea’s nuclear program to be completely peaceful, with “no indication of undeclared nuclear material or activities.”

The investigation was launched in 2004 following Seoul’s disclosure of previously undeclared experiments in which scientists separated and enriched minute amounts of plutonium and uranium. The revelations came after South Korea signed an additional protocol to its safeguards agreement with the agency, permitting IAEA inspectors to visit undeclared nuclear facilities and possibly uncover the experiments. (See ACT, December 2004. ) At the time, the government maintained that it was unaware that such research had been conducted. Seoul has since cooperated with IAEA investigators.

South Korea started a nuclear weapons program in the 1970s, purchasing a heavy-water research reactor and a reprocessing plant. The efforts were discontinued because of pressure from the United States.

With limited natural resources, South Korea has pinned much of its energy future on nuclear power. Its Ministry of Science and Technology projects that, between 2007 and 2011, the country’s nuclear industry will become one of the top five in the world, meeting 60 percent of electricity needs by 2035; nuclear energy currently supplies about 40 percent of South Korea’s electrical power. However, the country must import all nuclear fuel, which it currently obtains from Canada, France, the United States, and other countries.

Seoul would like to employ a procedure called pyroprocessing to ease this dependence on imports and find a means of coping with growing piles of spent nuclear fuel. Pyroprocessing extracts plutonium and other transuranic elements from spent nuclear fuel to create new fuel that can be used in next-generation fast reactors. South Korea and some members of the Bush administration say this technology is more proliferation resistant than traditional spent fuel reprocessing technologies, which yield pure separated plutonium. Plutonium can be used as fuel for nuclear reactors but can also serve as fissile material in nuclear weapons. Critics say that pyroprocessing is not safe enough, arguing that anything short of locking spent fuel in storage poses proliferation risks. (See ACT, April 2008 .)

Under its current nuclear cooperation agreement with the United States, which remains in force until 2014, South Korea has been effectively blocked from reprocessing any of its spent fuel without first obtaining permission from the United States. That prohibition was loosely extended from U.S.-supplied fuel to all fuel because early research and development used U.S. fuel exclusively. Moreover, North and South Korea agreed in the 1992 Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula that neither would acquire reprocessing or enrichment capabilities. The North has already violated this agreement, but Seoul has vowed to adhere to it in hopes of encouraging Pyongyang to return to compliance.

Whether or not South Korea can move forward with its pyroprocessing plans may depend on whether the procedure is considered reprocessing, a question that assumed particular salience after South Korea joined the Bush administration’s controversial Global Nuclear Energy Partnership in December 2007. (See ACT, January/February 2008 .)

Previously, administration officials have offered different answers to that question and have noted that U.S.-South Korean research cooperation has only involved some of the initial steps that would be needed in a pyroprocessing program. But at a May 22 discussion at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carter Savage, director for fuel cycle research and development at the U.S. Department of Energy, acknowledged that pyroprocessing would be reprocessing if the South Koreans follow through with all of the necessary procedures.

According to the May 5 issue of Platts NuclearFuel, negotiations on a new nuclear cooperation agreement between South Korea and the United States are expected to begin in the coming months, as Seoul hopes to make its case for pyroprocessing before its current cooperation agreement expires.

Pentagon Calls for More DTRA Support

Stephen Bunnell

A recently declassified report from a Department of Defense review panel calls on the government to provide more political and financial support to a Pentagon agency that is tasked with defending the United States from weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The report, which was originally authored in March, was produced by a review panel headed by Robert Joseph, who served as undersecretary of state for arms control and international security under President George W. Bush, and Ashton Carter, assistant secretary of defense for international security policy during the Clinton administration.

The report finds that the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), established a decade ago, “has not been given the means required to meet all of its current responsibilities, let alone to realize its full potential for the U.S. Government in combating” weapons of mass destruction. It lists two overarching recommendations: “strong advocacy and commitment by senior [Defense Department] leadership” and “a detailed strategic plan for combating” weapons of mass destruction. The report calls on the Pentagon to treat preparations for WMD threats by adversaries as a top priority.

The report recommends a restructuring of the top levels of DTRA leadership in order to provide the senior-level advocacy needed for the agency. The panel calls for creating a new assistant secretary of defense for WMD issues reporting directly to the secretary or deputy secretary. They further recommend that the DTRA director be a three-star military officer if the new assistant secretary for WMD issues position is created. These recommendations aim to give the DTRA strong advocates within the Pentagon, in order to win the agency greater funding and budget flexibility.

In addition, the report recommends a closer relationship between the DTRA and regional combatant commands and a much more active and involved role for Strategic Command (STRATCOM) within the military in such areas as planning and exercises. The report characterizes the current mandate for STRATCOM as “overly ambiguous and appears to allow [combatant commands] to choose when, how, and whether to involve STRATCOM…in their planning processes, exercises, theater security cooperation programs, and the like.”

Moreover, the report calls for a closer interagency relationship between the DTRA and the rest of the government, describing the DTRA as “a national asset.” It recommends that representatives of the agency participate in meetings of interagency initiatives on counterproliferation and homeland security as well as in international negotiations, such as those seeking nuclear disarmament of North Korea.

July/August 2008 Bibliography

Of Special Interest

Albright, David, Swiss Smugglers Had Advanced Nuclear Weapons Designs, Institute for Science and International Security, June 16, 2008, 3 pp.

Hurd, Douglas, Malcolm Rifkind, David Owen, and George Robertson, “Start Worrying and Learn to Ditch the Bomb,” The Times of London, June 30, 2008.

Kerry, John, “America Looks to a Nuclear-Free World,” Financial Times, June 24, 2008.

Kristensen, Hans M., U.S. Nuclear Weapons Withdrawn From the United Kingdom, Federation of American Scientists Security Blog, June 26, 2008, 3 pp.

Lugar, Richard G. “Revving Up the Cooperative Nonproliferation Engine,” The Nonproliferation Review, July 2008, p. 349.

Markey, Edward, “Why is Bush Helping Saudi Arabia Build Nukes?” The Wall Street Journal, June 10, 2008, p. A15.

Schumer, Charles, “Russia Can Be Part of the Answer on Iran,” The Wall Street Journal, June 3, 2008, p. A19

Stockholm Institute for International Peace, SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, July 2008, 604 pp.

U.S. Air Force, Air Force Blue Ribbon Review of Nuclear Weapons Policies and Procedures, February 8, 2008, 117 pp.

The Washington Post, “A Return to Arms Control,” June 2, 2008, p. A12.

I. Strategic Arms

Agence France-Presse, “Security of US Nuclear Arms in Europe is Not Our Problem: NATO,” June 23, 2008.

Andreasen, Steve, “With Nuclear Weapons, A Lot Can Go Wrong,” Star Tribune, June 26, 2008.

Basrur, Rajesh M., South Asia’s Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective, Routledge, 2008, 171 pp.

Carroll, James, “Proving Nuclear Realists Wrong,” International Herald Tribune, June 23, 2008.

Cirincione, Joe, “A Critical Mass for Disarmament,” Los Angeles Times, June 4, 2008.

Coorey, Phillip, “PM to Launch Anti-Nuke Plan,” The Sydney Morning Herald, June 9, 2008.

Dempsey, Judy, “German Parties Press U.S. to Withdraw Nuclear Arms,” International Herald Tribune, June 23, 2008.

Franklin, Matthew, “PM Kevin Rudd’s New Mission to Ban Nuclear Weapons,” The Australian, June 10, 2008.

Garamore, Jim, “Gates Hammers Home Importance of Air Force Nuke Mission,” American Forces Press Service, June 10, 2008.

Gardham, Duncan, “Nuclear Missiles Could Blow Up ‘Like Popcorn,’” The Daily Telegraph, June 26, 2008.

Grier, Peter, “The Nuclear Wake-Up Call,” Air Force Magazine, June 2008.

Grossman, Elaine M., “NNSA Plan Addresses Science Panel’s Concerns About Producing Reliable Nuclear Cores,” Global Security Newswire, June 27, 2008.

Harrell, Eben, “Are US Nukes in Europe Secure?” TIME, June 19, 2008.

Herman, Steve, “India Prime Minister Pitches Global Nuclear Disarmament,” Voice of America, June 9, 2008.

Hodge, Nathan, and Weinberger, Sharon, “The Ever-Ready Nuclear Missileer,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2008, p. 14.

Hodge, Nathan, and Weinberger, Sharon, A Nuclear Family Vacation: Travels in the World of Atomic Weaponry, Bloomsbury, 2008, 324 pp.

Hoffman, Michael, “Russia’s Nuclear Interest Revived,” Air Force Times, June 23, 2008.

Hoffman, Michael, “5th Bomb Wing Flunks Nuclear Inspection,” Air Force Times, June 2, 2008.

Korb, Lawrence J., “The U.S. Air Force’s Indifference Toward Nuclear Weapons,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Online, June 17, 2008.

Kristensen, Hans M., USAF Report: ‘Most’ Nuclear Weapon Sites in Europe Do Not Meet US Security Requirements, Federation of American Scientists Security Blog, June 19, 2008, 5 pp.

Kurose, Yoshinari, “U.S.: China Expanding N-Sub Fleets Deployment of Jin-class Sub at Hainan Island Sparks U.S. Funding of More Vessels,” Yomiuri Shimbun, June 5, 2008.

LaPlante, Matthew D., “HAFB-Related Nuclear Fuse Error Ousts Air Force’s Top Two Officials,” The Salt Lake Tribune, June 6, 2008.

Lewis, Jeffrey, “Minimum Deterrence,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2008, p. 38.

Lindlaw, Scott, “Layoffs at Nuke Lab Stir Fears of a Brain Drain,” Associated Press, June 4, 2008.

Miles, Donna, “New Task Force to Examine Nuclear Weapons, Parts Control, Accountability,” American Forces Press Service, June 5, 2008.

Muñoz, Carlo, “STRATCOM Chief to Lead Nuclear Command and Control Review Panel,” Inside Missile Defense, June 18, 2008, p. 14.

Norris, Robert S., and Kristensen, Hans M., “Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2008,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2008, p. 42.

Parameswaran, P., “Bush Exit May Pave Way for New Nuclear Security Strategy,” Agence France-Presse, June 29, 2008.

Podvig, Pavel, “The Push for a New Arms Control Agreement with Russia is Ill-Conceived,” The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Online, June 3, 2008.

RIA Novosti, “Russia Destroys 20 Ballistic Missiles in 2008 under START Treaty,” June 9, 2008.

Robbins, Carla Anne, “Thinking the Unthinkable: A World Without Nuclear Weapons,” The New York Times, June 30, 2008.

Roberts, Kristin, “Pentagon Sees Russia Strengthening Nuclear Arsenal,” Reuters, June 10, 2008.

Sevastopulo, Demetri, “US N-Weapons Parts Missing, Pentagon Says,” Financial Times, June 19, 2008.

Scoblic, J. Peter, US Nuclear Weapons Policy and Arms Control, The Stanley Foundation Policy Dialogue Brief, June 2008, 7 pp.

Stratfor, Nuclear Weapons: The Question of Relevance in the 21st Century, June 26, 2008.

Twomey, Christopher P., ed., Perspectives on Sino-American Strategic Nuclear Issues, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, 221 pp.

Youssef, Nancy A., “Air Force Officials Out Over Mishandling of Nuclear Weapons,” McClatchy Newspapers, June 5, 2008.

II. Nuclear Proliferation

Agence France-Presse, “Malaysia Releases Sri Lankan Accused of Nuclear Links,” June 23, 2008.

Agence France-Presse, “Syria, N. Korea Helped Iran Develop Nuclear Programme: German Report,” June 22, 2008.

Bakanic, Elizabeth D., “The End of Japan’s Nuclear Taboo,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Online, June 9, 2008.

Black, Ian, “Syria planned to Supply Iran with Nuclear Fuel, Israel Says,” The Guardian, June 25, 2008.

Horner, Daniel, “Reprocessing Study Cites Limits to Proliferation Resistance,” NuclearFuel, June 2, 2008

Kessler, Glenn, “Bhutto Dealt Nuclear Secrets to N. Korea, Book Says,” The Washington Post, June 1, 2008.

Sanger, David E., “Nuclear Ring Reportedly Had Advanced Design,” The New York Times, June 15, 2008, p. A1.

Sanger, David E., and Broad, William J., “Officials Fear Bomb Design Went to Others,” The New York Times, June 16, 2008, p. A1.

Dahlkamp, Juergen, Goetz, John, and Stark, Holger, “Intelligence Agencies Undermine Nuclear Smuggling Trial,” Der Spiegel International, June 17, 2008.

Schneidmiller, Chris, “Nuclear Power Program Boosts Proliferation Threat, Experts Argue,” Global Security Newswire, June 24, 2008.

USA Today, “Our View on National Security: Fallout from Pakistani ‘Hero’ Poses Grave Nuclear Threat,” June 19, 2008.

Warrick, Joby, “Smugglers Had Design for Advanced Warhead,” The Washington Post, June 15, 2008, p. A1.

Weinberger, Sharon, Scary Things That Don’t Exist: Separating Myth from Reality in Future WMD, The Stanley Foundation, June 2008, 10 pp.

India

Associated Press, “No Progress after Indian Leaders Meet on Future of Controversial US Nuclear Deal,” June 25, 2008.

Bhatt, Sheila, “PM Wants to Quit over Nuclear Deal,” Rediff, June 19, 2008.

Dikshit, Sandeep, “Regional Route to Disarmament Won’t Help,” The Hindu, June 10, 2008.

Hibbs, Mark, and Saraf, Sunil, “Nuclear Deal with US Falters as Indians Head for the Polls,” Nucleonics Week, June 5, 2008.

Jaffer, Mehru, “Effectiveness of Indian N-Safeguards Questioned at IAEA Meet,” Thaindian News, June 3, 2008.

Luce, Edward, and Dombey, Daniel, “US Signals End of Line for India Agreement,” Financial Times, June 11, 2008.

McGuirk, Rod, “Indian Minister Accepts That It Can’t Buy Uranium from Australia,” Associated Press, June 23, 2008.

Mukherjee, Krittivas, “Nuclear Deal or Early Polls, India May Learn Soon,” Reuters, June 24, 2008.

Parija, Pratik, “India Needs Nuclear Technology for Its Energy Needs, Singh Says,” Bloomberg, June 9, 2008.

Ridge, Mian, “India at an Impasse over Civilian Nuclear Deal,” Christian Science Monitor, June 26, 2008.

Sands, David R., “Left Parties Block Nuclear Deal with U.S.; Allies to Meet in New Delhi,” The Washington Times, June 25, 2008.

Sibal, Kanwal, “A Disarming Initiative—Where Should India Position Itself on the Elimination Issue?” The Telegraph, June 18, 2008.

The Times of India, “Allies to Sonia: Back Down on Nuclear Deal,” June 23, 2008.

The Times of India, “To Save N-Deal, PM Says India Won’t Sign CTBT,” June 12, 2008.

Iran

Agence France-Presse, “US Removes Chinese Firm from Sanctions Blacklist over Iran,” June 20, 2008.

Agence France-Presse, “Iran warns of ‘Strong Blow’ if Israel Attacks,” June 20, 2008.

Agence France-Presse, “Khamenei Rejects Charges Iran Seeking Nuclear Bomb,” June 3, 2008

Asculai, Ephraim, and Landau, Emily B., The Belated Message from the IAEA on Iran, Institute for National Security Studies Insight No. 59, June 8, 2008.

Al-Arabiya, “IAEA Director-General Dr. Muhammad Al-Baradei: Iran Can Produce Enough Enriched Uranium for a Nuclear Bomb in Six Months to a Year,” June 20, 2008.

Associated Press, “European Diplomats Say New Iran Sanctions are Unlikely for Months,” June 20, 2008.

Associated Press, “Russia’s Lavrov Warns Against Attack on Iran,” June 20, 2008.

Associated Press, “Israel Says World Must be Ready to Use Force Against Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions,” June 3, 2008.

Cooper, Helene, “Bush May End Term With Iran Issue Unsettled,” The New York Times, June 21, 2008.

David, Ariel, “Former U.N. Weapons Inspector Hans Blix Rips U.S. Approach to Iran’s Nuclear Program,” Associated Press, June 12, 2008.

The Economic Times, “Iran Seeks India’s Help for N-Plans,” June 3, 2008.

Hafezi, Parisa, and Dahl, Fredrik, “Iran Says EU Sanctions Could Hurt Nuclear Diplomacy,” Reuters, June 24, 2008.

Heinrich, Mark, and Strohecker, Karin, “Developing States Back U.N. Probe of Iran Bomb Claims,” Reuters, June 4, 2008.

Heller, Jeffrey, “Leaked Israeli Drill Seen as U.S. Pressure on Iran,” Reuters, June 22, 2008.

Institute for Science and International Security, Text of Latest Diplomatic Offer to Iran, June 16, 2008, 6 pp.

Kamaali, Mohammad, “CASMII Exclusive: Interview with Iran’s Ambassador to IAEA,” Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran, June 29, 2008.

Kerr, Paul, Iran’s Nuclear Program: Status, Congressional Research Service, June 23, 2008, 16 pp.

Miller, James, Parthemore, Christine, and Campbell, Kurt, eds., Iran: Assessing U.S. Strategic Options (Draft), Center for a New American Security, June 2008, 111 pp.

Neuger, James, “EU Widens Iran Sanctions, Shuts Bank Melli’s European Offices,” Bloomberg, June 23, 2008.

Peterson, Scott, “Iran’s Nuclear Program: Will More Sanctions Work?” The Christian Science Monitor, June 13, 2008.

Peterson, Scott, “Nuclear Report: Parsing Iran’s Intent,” The Christian Science Monitor, June 5, 2008.

Press TV, “Iran Proposes Nuclear-Fuel Consortium,” June 28, 2008.

Redaelli, Riccardo, Why Selective Engagement? Iranian and Western Interests Are Closer Than You Think, The Stanley Foundation, June 2008, 12 pp.

Reuters, “Iran Demands Security Council Action on Israel Threat,” June 7, 2008.

Siddique, Haroon, “‘Unavoidable’ Attack on Iran Looms, Says Israeli Minister,” The Guardian, June 6, 2008.

Stockman, Farah, “Interest Grows for International Iran Atom Plant,” The Boston Globe, June 10, 2008.

Trevelyan, Mark, “Iran Bank’s UK Unit to Challenge Nuclear Sanctions,” Reuters, June 24, 2008.

Weiss, Stanley A., “Wielding a Small Stick,” International Herald Tribune, June 6, 2008.

Wheeler, Carolynne, and Shipman, Tim, “Israel Has a Year to Stop Iran Bomb, Warns Ex-Spy,” The Daily Telegraph, June 29, 2008.

Israel

Agence France-Presse, “Syria Says Israel Should Face Nuclear Checks,” June 3, 2008.

Cordesman, Anthony H., Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Overview, Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2, 2008, 12 pp.

Ferziger, Jonathan, “Olmert Says Peace With Syria Could Transform Middle East,” Bloomberg, June 3, 2008.

Libya

Associated Press, “New Trial Opens of German Accused of Aiding Libyan Nuclear Program,” International Herald Tribune, June 5, 2008.

North Korea

Agence France-Presse, “Negotiators to Speed up Energy Aid to North Korea,” June 11, 2008.

Alabaster, Jay, “Japan Launches Raids in North Korea Nuclear Case,” Associated Press, June 12, 2008.

Associated Press, “Chronology of North Korean Nuclear Activities,” June 28, 2008.

Bajoria, Jayshree, The China-North Korea Relationship, Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounder, June 18, 2008.

Bolton, John, “The Tragic End of Bush’s North Korea Policy,” The Wall Street Journal, June 30, 2008, p. A13.

Carmichael, Lachlan, “Rice Heads to Asia for Critical N. Korea Nuclear Talks,” Agence France-Press, June 23, 2008.

Coleman, Joseph, “Japan to Partially Lift Sanctions on North Korea,” Associated Press, June 16, 2008.

Cooper, Helene, “U.S. May Have Overestimated North Korea’s Plutonium,” International Herald Tribune, June 1, 2008.

Gearan, Anne, “US Official Says Pyongyang OK’d Verification,” Associated Press, June 26, 2008.

Hanna, Jason, “North Korea’s Motivation? Survival, Experts Say,” CNN, June 27, 2008.

Harden, Blaine, and Kim, Stella, “N. Korea Razes Cooling Tower in Show of Nuclear Accord,” The Washington Post, June 28, 2008, p. A10.

Harden, Blaine, and Wright, Robin, “U.S. to Delist North Korea As Sponsor Of Terrorism,” The Washington Post, June 27, 2008, p. A1.

Herman, Burt, “North Korea Nuclear Accounting Won’t Include the Bombs,” Associated Press, June 25, 2008.

Hunt, Terence, “Bush Falls Short of Grand Goals on North Korea,” Associated Press, June 26, 2008.

Kessler, Glenn, “New Data Found on North Korea’s Nuclear Capacity,” The Washington Post, June 21, 2008.

Klingner, Bruce, Limited Progress on North Korean Denuclearization: Critical Questions Lie Ahead, The Heritage Foundation WebMemo #1974, June 26, 2008.

Kubota, Yoko, “Japan Police Investigate North Korea Nuclear Plant Find,” Reuters, June 12, 2008.

MacFarquhar, Neil, “North Korea Didn’t Dupe U.N. Office, Reports Say,” The New York Times, June 3, 2008.

Stobel, Warren P., “How Did Bush Policy Lead to a Deal with North Korea?” McClatchy Newspapers, June 26, 2006.

Tiron, Roxana, “Bill Says U.S. Can Pay North Korea for Destroying Nukes,” The Hill, June 29, 2008.

Pakistan

Agence France-Presse, “Former UN Inspector Holds Slim Hope US Will Take up A.Q. Khan Cause,” June 19, 2008.

Associated Press, “Lawmakers Ask Rice to Get US Access to Pakistani Nuclear Arms Smuggler A.Q. Khan,” June 26, 2008.

Dahlkamp, Juergen, Goetz, John, and Stark, Holger, “Intelligence Agencies Undermine Nuclear Smuggling Trial,” Der Spiegel, June 17, 2008.

Hibbs, Mark, “Pakistan’s Bomb: Mission Unstoppable,” Nonproliferation Review, July 2008, p. 381.

Shah, Saeed, “Pakistan Nuclear Scientist Denies Selling Bomb Secrets,” McClatchy Newspapers, June 4, 2008.

Siddiqui, Tayyab, “The A.Q. Khan Dossier,” The Post, June 23, 2008.

Zubeiri, Sami, “Pakistan’s Khan Denies Selling Advanced Nuke Blueprint,” Agence France-Presse, June 17, 2008.

South Korea

Hibbs, Mark, “Pyroprocessing Proliferation Issues Can Be Solved, Korean Experts Say,” NuclearFuel, June 16, 2008.

Horner, Daniel, and Hibbs, Mark, “US Debating Whether Pyroprocessing Qualifies as Reprocessing for Korea,” NuclearFuel, June 2, 2008.

Na, Jeong-ju, “IAEA Confirms Korea Uses Atomic Energy Peacefully,” The Korea Times, June 3, 2008.

Syria

Agence France-Presse, “IAEA Chief Hits Out at Israel Again over Syria Attack,” June 9, 2008.

Agence France-Presse, “Assad Pledges to Work with UN Nuclear Inspectors,” June 5, 2008.

Broad, William J., “U.N. Nuclear Inspectors to Visit Syria,” The New York Times, June 3, 2008, p. A6.

Baghdadi, George, “Nuke Agency to End Hushed-Up Syria Mission,” CBS News, June 25, 2008.

Cordesman, Anthony H., Syrian Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Overview, Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2, 2008, 20 pp.

Dakroub, Hussein, “UN Experts Probe Alleged Nuclear Program in Syria,” Associated Press, June 23, 2008.

Ersan, Inal, “Syria Lacks Skills, Fuel for Nuclear Facility: IAEA,” Reuters, June 17, 2008.

Jahn, George, “IAEA Probe Inconclusive on Suspected Nuke Site,” Associated Press, June 26, 2008.

Jahn, George, “Diplomats: 3 Suspect Syrian Nuke Sites Off Limits,” Associated Press, June 3, 2008.

Reuters, “Syria Wants Nuclear Energy under Arab Umbrella,” June 3, 2008.

Wright, Robin, “Syria to Meet with Weapons Inspectors About Site Bombed by Israel,” The Washington Post, June 3, 2008, p. A10.

III. Nonproliferation

Afrasiabi, Kaveh L., “The Myth of ‘Weapons-Grade Enrichment,’” The Asia Times, June 24, 2008.

Associated Press, “Nuclear Official Calls for India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea to Join Disarmament Talks,” June 10, 2008.

Ban, Ki-moon, “Universality of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Remains Priority,” United Nations Department of Public Information, June 30, 2008.

Bender, Brian, “Bush Fails to Appoint a Nuclear Terror Czar,” The Boston Globe, June 22, 2008.

Commission of Eminent Persons, Reinforcing the Global Nuclear Order for Peace and Prosperity: The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and Beyond, International Atomic Energy Agency, May 2008, 42 pp.

Deen, Thalif, “2020 Vision Aimed at Dismantling Nukes,” Inter Press Service, June 30, 2008.

Eckel, Mike, “Russia Shutters 2nd of Its 3 Remaining Plutonium Reactors,” Associated Press, June 5, 2008.

Hess, Pamela, “Official: US Needs to be Nuclear Black Market’s Biggest Customer in Order to Stop It,” Associated Press, June 16, 2008.

Kimball, Daryl G., Prospects for U.S. Ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, Arms Control Association Background Paper, June 10, 2008, 9 pp.

MacLachlan, Ann, and Horner, Daniel, “IAEA Makes Little Headway on Fuel Assurances at June Meeting,” NuclearFuel, June 16, 2008.

National Nuclear Security Administration, U.S. and Bulgaria Cooperate to Prevent Smuggling of Nuclear and Radioactive Material, June 18, 2008.

Peel, Michael, “Watchdog Calls for Terror Funding Checks,” Financial Times, June 23, 2008.

Schneidmiller, Chris, “New Strategy Needed for Preventing Proliferation of WMD Expertise from Former Soviet Union, Report Says,” Global Security Newswire, June 5, 2008.

Waterman, Shaun, “Analysis: WMD Terror Commission Starts Up,” United Press International, June 2, 2008.

IV. Missiles and Missile Defense

Agence France-Presse, “Report: Poland May Let Russia Inspect Missile Site,” June 5, 2008.

Agence France-Presse, “S. Korea to Buy Radar to Detect N. Korea Missiles,” June 26, 2008.

Associated Press, “Lawmaker Says Poland and US Are Close to Decisions on Missile Defense Shield,” June 29, 2008

Associated Press, “US Military Shoots Down Separating Missile in Test,” June 26, 2008.

Baldor, Lolita C., “Gates, Chinese Defense Official Tangle Over Military Growth, Missile Defense System,” Associated Press, June 2, 2008.

Bruno, Michael, “Capitol Hill Buzz: Changing MDA Priorities,” Aviation Week, June 25, 2008.

Butler, Desmond, “Testing Could Delay Missile Defense Plans,” Associated Press, June 23, 2008.

Butler, Desmond, “Czech Foreign Minister Says US Could Complete Missile Defense Plans Without Poland,” Associated Press, June 11, 2008.

Cirincione, Joe, “The Incredible Shrinking Missile Threat,” Foreign Policy, May/June 2008.

Dombey, Daniel, Sevastopulo, Demetri, and Cienski, Jan, “US Enters Missile Talks with Lithuania,” Financial Times, June 18, 2008.

Finnegan, Tom, “Military Hits Target for Missile Defense,” The Star Bulletin, June 6, 2008.

Gertz, Bill, “China Missile Test,” The Washington Times, June 12, 2008.

Huessy, Peter, “A Free Ride for Tehran’s Missiles,” The Washington Times, June 9, 2008.

Office of Operational Test and Evaluation, European GMD Mission Test Concept, U.S. Department of Defense October 1, 2007, 38 pp.

Press TV, “Israel to Test Iron Dome Interceptor,” June 11, 2008.

RIA Novosti, “Poland Reiterates U.S. Missile Defense ‘No Threat to Russia,’” June 10, 2008.

Shanker, Thom, “Belgium: Gates Pushes NATO Missile Defense System,” The New York Times, June 13, 2008, p. A10.

Sieff, Martin, “BMD Watch: PAC-3 MSE Test Success,” United Press International, June 19, 2008.

Spring, Baker, “US Should Defy China-Russia on Missile Defense,” Spero News, June 30, 2008.

Trevelyan, Mark, “U.S. Explores Anti-Missile Scheme for Flight Zones,” Reuters, June 26, 2008.

United Press International, “Russian Official: Talks with U.S. Stalled,” June 22, 2008.

Wilber, Del Quentin, “Man Who Sold Missile Technology to India Receives 35-Month Sentence,” The Washington Post, June 17, 2008, p. D2.

V. Chemical and Biological Arms

Associated Press, “Russia Opens 4th Chemical Weapons Destruction Plant,” June 17, 2008.

The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, Federal Funding for Biological Weapons Prevention and Defense, Fiscal Years 2001 to 2009, May 27, 2008, 19 pp.

Danzig, Richard, Preparing for Catastrophic Bioterrorism: Toward a Long-Term Strategy for Limiting the Risk, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, May 2008, 51 pp.

Eckert, Dirk, “Germany to Help Russia Destroy Chemical Weapons Stockpile,” Deutsche Welle, June 10, 2008.

Fox, Maggie, “US Detector Sniffs Out Biological, Chemical Threats,” Reuters, June 12, 2008.

Gambrell, Jon, “Pine Bluff Arsenal Finishes VX Weapons Destruction,” Associated Press, June 24, 2008.

Hickey, Shane, “Toxic Gas to be Destroyed at Army Base,” Independent, June 12, 2008.

ITAR-TASS, “OPCW to Prevent Chemical Weapons from Falling to Terrorists,” June 18, 2008.

Oliver, Shari, Lieggi, Stephanie, and Moodie, Amanda, “Program to Clean-up Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China Moves Sluggishly,” WMD Insights, June 2008.

Reeves, Jay, “Army: US Chemical Weapons Incineration on Track,” Associated Press, June 5, 2008.

Robinson, Bill, “Enhanced Nerve Gas Monitoring, Warning Sought,” Richmond Register, June 12, 2008.

Sinha, Kounteya, “India to Test Vaccine against Anthrax,” The Times of India, June 5, 2008.

Solovyov, Dmitry, “Russia Steps Up Destruction of Chemical Weapons,” Reuters, June 16, 2008.

Tri-City Herald, “Depot Destroys Last of 155mm VX Projectiles,” June 29, 2008.

Xinhua, “Survey: Most Indian Scientists Refuse to Design Biological Weapons,” June 16, 2008.

VI. Conventional Arms

Abramson, Jeff, “Treaty Likely to Set International Standard against Use of Cluster Munitions,” World Politics Review, June 2, 2008.

Agence France-Presse, “UN Clears Cluster Bombs from Areas of South Lebanon,” June 4, 2008.

Associated Press, “US Attorney General Urges Prompt Extradition of Alleged Russian Arms Dealer from Thailand,” International Herald Tribune, June 11, 2008.

Bajak, Frank, “Ecuador Buys Planes, Radar for Border,” Associated Press June 26, 2008.

Benton, Shaun, “South Africa: Gov’t Refuses Non-Cooperation as German Authorities Drop Arms Deal Probe,” BuaNews, June 26, 2008.

Cancel, Daniel, “Venezuela Test Fires Russian Missiles from Sukhoi, Battleship,” Bloomberg, June 6, 2008.

Esposito, Richard, “International Arms Trader Will Stand Trial in US,” ABC News, June 6, 2008.

Isbister, Roy, EU: Rethinking the Arms Export Code, ISN Security Watch, June 6, 2008.

Kessler, Glenn, “Top U.S. Officials Stalling Taiwan Arms Package,” The Washington Post, June 12, 2008, p. A14.

Kommersant, “Turkmenistan Buys Russian Weapons,” June 24, 2008.

Koumbo, Sy, North Kivu: UN Security Council Demands the Disarmament of Militia Groups, United Nations MONUC, June 10, 2008.

Krieger, Hilary Leila, “United States May Lift Ban on Sale of F-22 Aircraft to Israel,” The San Francisco Sentinel, June 5, 2008.

Lindow, Megan, “The Landmine-Sniffing Rats of Mozambique,” TIME, June 2, 2008.

Malik, Sajjad, “Pakistan to Get Four F-16 Fighter Jets on 28th,” Daily Times, June 19, 2008.

Mbale, David Mafabi, “Uganda: UPDF Meets Students to End Arms Trafficking,” The Monitor, June 3, 2008.

Minnick, Wendell, “U.S. Freezes $12B in Arms Sales to Taiwan,” Defense News, June 9, 2008.

The New York Times, “Cluster Bombs, Made in America,” June 1, 2008.

Schmitt, Eric, “American Envoy Is Linked to Arms Deal Cover-Up,” The New York Times, June 23, 2008.

Sithole-Matarise, Emelia, “African NGOs Urge Regional Arms Freeze on Zimbabwe,” Reuters, June 5, 2008.

Spiegel, Peter, “China Defends Military Buildup,” Los Angeles Times, June 1, 2008.

Smith, Michael, “Army ‘Vacuum’ Missile Hits Taliban,” Times Online, June 22, 2008.

Norton-Taylor, Richard, “Campaigners Seek Tougher Arms Sales Code,” The Guardian, June 6, 2008.

Tigner, Brooks, “MEPs Urge Binding EU Rules on Arms Exports,” Jane’s, June 12, 2008.

UNICEF, The Impact of Small Arms on Children and Adolescents in Central America and Caribbean: A Case Study of El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, June 5, 2008, 1 pp.

UN News Service, “UN Workshop on Tracing Small Arms Opens in Brazil,” June 11, 2008.

U.S. Department of State, To Walk the Earth in Safety: The United States' Commitment to Humanitarian Mine Action and Conventional Weapons Destruction (7th edition), June 3, 2008, 31 pp.

Uzuka, Takeshi, and Ryuko Tadokoro, “Japanese Taxpayers Face Heavy Burden over Cluster Bomb Ban,” Mainichi Daily News, June 10, 2008.

Williams, Jody, Goose, Stephen D., and Wareham, Mary, eds., Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy, and Human Security, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2008, 327 pp.

Wolf, Jim, “Pentagon Eyes $200 Mln Bomb, Missile Sale to S. Korea,” Reuters, June 23, 2008.

VII. U.S. Policy

Agence France-Press, “US Congress Approves Israel Aid Increase,” June 28, 2008.

Alvarez, Robert, “U.S.-Russian Nuclear Agreement Raises Serious Concerns,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Online, June 16, 2008.

Bohan, Caren, “Obama Vows to Stop Iran from Having Nuclear Arms,” Reuters, June 4, 2008.

Bolton, John, “Obama the Naive,” Los Angeles Times, June 5, 2008

Daalder, Ivo, and Gordon, Philip, “Talking to Iran Is Our Best Option,” The Washington Post, June 29, 2008, p. B7.

Finley, Bruce, “Defense Chief Vows Change in Military Culture,” The Denver Post, June 10, 2008.

Goldenberg, Ilan, “Talking to Iran Is Not So Controversial,” The American Prospect Online, June 25, 2008.

Kessler, Glenn, “Europe Fears Obama Might Undercut Progress with Iran,” The Washington Post, June 22, 2008, p. A14.

Mazzetti, Mark, and Shane, Scott, “Senate Panel Accuses Bush of Iraq Exaggerations,” The New York Times, June 5, 2008.

Perle, Richard, “Coalition of the Ineffectual,” The Washington Post, June 26, 2008, p. A19.

Rice, Condoleezza, “U.S. Policy Toward Asia,” Heritage Foundation, June 18, 2008.

Rovenger, Josh, “Obama vs. McCain on Nuclear Proliferation,” American Chronicle, June 10, 2008.

Sigger, Jason, “Spying Bill Redefines WMDs,” Wired News, June 25, 2008.

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Dugger, Celia W., “Zimbabwe Faces Wider Sanctions under Bush Plan,” The New York Times, June 29, 2008.

VIII. Space

Agence France-Presse, “Japan Appoints First Space Development Minister: Officials,” June 17, 2008.

Asia News International, “Terrorists Would be able to Launch Strikes on Satellites by 2020,” June 30, 2008.

Boyd, Alan, “China Takes on the US - In Space,” The Asia Times, June 6, 2008.

Buckley, Chris, “China Experts Warn of Expanding Space Arms Race,” Reuters, June 2, 2008.

Chada, Sudhir, “India Develops Space Cell to Counter Chinese Threat in Space,” The India Daily, June 10, 2008.

Clark, Stephen, “Russian Proton Rocket Launches Military Satellite,” Spaceflight Now, June 30, 2008.

Day, Dwayne A., “Paper Dragon: The Pentagon’s Unreliable Statements on the Chinese Space Program,” The Space Review, June 23, 2008.

Express India, “India Needs Space Command to Counter China: Army,” June 16, 2008.

Gallagher, Nancy, and Steinbruner, John, “Reconsidering the Rules for Space Security,” American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2008, 98 pp.

Grant, Rebecca, “Vulnerability in Space,” Air Force Magazine, June 2008, p. 24.

Hitchens, Theresa, “COPUOS Wades Into the Next Great Space Debate,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Online, June 26, 2008.

Lim, Robyn, “Japan’s ‘Militarisation’ of Space?” Gulf News, June 11, 2008.

Matthews, William, “Analysts: Treaty Would Protect Sats Better Than Sensors,” C4ISR Journal, June 10, 2008.

Reuters, “Space to Get Boost in French Defence Review,” June 5, 2008.

RIA Novosti, “Russia Eyeing New Launch Services Deal with US,” June 9, 2008.

Sadeh, Eligar, “Space Policy Questions and Decisions Facing a New Administration,” The Space Review, June 9, 2008.

Sands, David R., “China, India Hasten Arms Race in Space; U.S. Dominance Challenged,” The Washington Times, June 25, 2008, p. A1.

Shalal-Esa, Andrea, “US Military Sees Rising Demand for Satellites,” Reuters, June 2, 2008.

IX. Other

Agence France-Presse, “Britain Signs Nuclear Deal with Energy-Parched Jordan,” June 30, 2008.

Agence France-Presse, “Canada, Jordan Sign Nuclear Co-Operation Deal,” June 29, 2008.

Ahmad, Tufail, Emerging Crisis in Pakistan-U.S. Relations, The Middle East Media Research Institute, June 20, 2008.

Associated Press, “US, Turkey Reach Nuclear Energy Deal,” International Herald Tribune, June 3, 2008.

Bennhold, Katrin, and Erlanger, Steven, “In Defense Policy, France Turns to U.S. and Europe,” The New York Times, June 17, 2008.

Butler, Desmond, “US-Russia Nuclear Deal Faces Bipartisan Opposition,” Associated Press, June 24, 2008.

Debusmann, Bernd, “Nuclear Renaissance or Nuclear Illusion?” Reuters, June 4, 2008.

Dobbs, Michael, “Cool Crisis Management? It’s a Myth. Ask JFK,” The Washington Post, June 22, 2008, p. B1.

Dobbs, Michael, One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2008, 426 pp.

Einhorn Robert, Rose Gottemoeller, Fred McGoldrick, Dan Poneman, and Jon Wolfsthal, The U.S.-Russia Civil Nuclear Agreement: A Framework for Cooperation, Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2008, 99 pp.

Fain, Travis, “Nunn Shares a Variety of Views from Iraq to Nuclear Detonation,” The Telegraph, June 13, 2008.

Graham-Silverman, Adam, “Language Blocking Nuke Deal with Russia Snarls Iran Sanctions Bill,” Congressional Quarterly, June 17, 2008.

The International Institute for Strategic Studies, Nuclear Programmes in the Middle East: In the Shadow of Iran, May 20, 2008, 172 pp.

Moubayed, Sami, “Iraq Takes a Turn Towards Tehran,” Asia Times, June 17, 2008.

Munger, Frank, “Uranium Site to Get Upgrade,” Knoxville News Sentinel, June 4, 2008.

Nikitin, Mary Beth, U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, June 9, 2008, 6 pp.

Patel, Nirav, and Singh, Vikram, “Washington Should Pay Attention to Russian Moves in the Asia-Pacific,” World Politics Review, June 13, 2008.

Photonics, “Solid-State Laser Milestone,” June 5, 2008.

RIA Novosti, “Russia’s Defense Chief Says Disputes Hold Back Ties with NATO,” June 13, 2008.

Satter, Raphael G., “UK Terror Suspect Says Bombs Were Stunt,” Associated Press, June 2, 2008.

Scheer, Robert, “Wasteful Weapons and the Pols Who Love Them,” The Nation, June 25, 2008.

Solovyov, Dmitry, “Russia to Cut Army to One Million,” Reuters, June 23, 2008.

Totty, Michael, “The Case For and Against Nuclear Power,” The Wall Street Journal, June 30, 2008, p. A30.

United Press International, “Russian Leader Seeks U.S.-EU Pact,” June 6, 2008.

Weymouth, Lally, “A Conversation with King Abdullah of Jordan,” The Washington Post, June 22, 2008, p. B3.

Editor's Note

Miles A. Pomper

When a new U.S. president takes office in January 2009, he will be confronted with a host of arms control and nonproliferation challenges.

At the top of his list should be finding a way to preserve the strategic reassurance provided by START I, which is set to expire in December 2009; chart a way to further U.S.-Russian strategic arms reductions beyond those already underway; and resolve differences with Moscow over a planned U.S. missile defense system in Europe. In our cover story this month, Alexei Arbatov and Rose Gottemoeller offer detailed proposals on how to accomplish those goals.

The next six months could help determine the choices that the next U.S. leader faces in addressing Iran’s controversial nuclear program. Vigorous diplomacy, forceful international pressure, and tough questioning by the International Atomic Energy Agency might help set the stage for a compromise between Iran and the international community. Otherwise, the world could be closer to facing an unpalatable choice: dealing with a nuclear-weapon-capable Iran or seeing either Israel or the United States attack Iran’s nuclear facilities. Leonard S. Spector and Avner Cohen explain how Israel’s September 2007 attack on Syria’s alleged plutonium-production reactor provides important insight in this regard.

The president will also have to work hard to prevent a nuclear terrorist attack. Daniel H. Chivers, Bethany F. Lyles Goldblum, Brett H. Isselhardt, and Jonathan S. Snider lay out a formula for trying to reduce this danger by using nuclear forensics techniques and common nuclear security standards to minimize the danger that terrorists could acquire fissile material for nuclear weapons.

As the president tackles these difficult issues, he will have an invaluable tool: the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which celebrates its 40th birthday this month. In our “Looking Back” section this month, George Bunn, one of the drafters of the NPT, and John B. Rhinelander describe some of the historic developments that brought about the treaty and chart out a course for its future.

Our news section this month covers some historic milestones: the completion of a Cluster Munitions Convention and progress in eliminating North Korea’s nuclear program. It also includes articles probing the Bush administration’s claims of success for its Proliferation Security Initiative and its evolving long-range missile defense project.

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